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Kidney Stone Analysis Using ATR with Bruker Alpha II Spectrometer
Kidney stones are commonly composed of calcium phosphates, oxalates, uric acid, or cystine, often occurring as mixtures. Reliable analysis requires specialized methods due to the possibility of many other components. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) is a powerful and cost-efficient method for kidney stone analysis, offering speed and the ability to analyze amorphous substances, unlike X-ray diffraction. The ATR (Attenuated Total Reflection) method enhances FT-IR analysis by eliminating extensive sample preparation. A kidney stone sample simply needs to be pressed onto the ATR measurement interface, streamlining the process.
Kidney stones
Method and Instrumentation
The ALPHA Kidney Stone Analyzer combines an ALPHA FT-IR spectrometer with a diamond ATR module, user-friendly wizard software, and a comprehensive spectral library of over 5000 authentic kidney stone spectra, developed by Prof. Michel Daudon. The diamond ATR interface is robust, handling even the hardest samples, and requires minimal sample amounts—around 1 mgis sufficient. The IR radiation penetrates the sample’s surface, capturing absorbance data that the software processes into actionable results in under a minute.
“ALPHA Kidney Stone Analyzer” with “Bruker Alpha II Spectrometer”
Key Features
Precision and Speed:
Automated spectral analysis delivers results in minutes, far surpassing traditional methods.Durability:
The diamond-tungsten carbide ATR crystal ensures longevity, even with hard samples.Detailed Analysis:
Multiple fractions of a single kidney stone can be analyzed to better understand composition variations between core and outer layers.
Application Example
Once a sample is measured, the software automatically initiates a spectrum search. During this process, the measured spectrum is systematically compared to a comprehensive database of reference spectra. The degree of similarity between the query spectrum and the database spectra is quantified using what are known as hit quality points. The greater the similarity, the higher the hit quality points assigned to the database spectrum, with a maximum score of 1000 points.
The following figures illustrate the analysis results for different kidney stone samples. Figure 1 demonstrates the analysis of a stone where cystine is identified as the primary component, achieving an excellent hit quality of 941 points.
Additionally, the substance “carbonate apatite” was identified as a secondary component. However, the apatite content appears to be less than 5%, as pure cystine is listed as the second entry on the hit list with a nearly identical hit quality of 940.
The upper section of the results screen provides supplementary information about the selected library entry, including synonyms for the compound names.
Figure 2 displays the search results for a second sample. The top match achieves an outstanding hit quality score of 962, identifying the sample as a combination of whewellite (calcium oxalate) and uric acid. However, with the second match scoring nearly as high at 961, the possibility of protein traces being present cannot be excluded.
Figure-1
Figure-2
Summary
The ALPHA Kidney Stone Analyzer is a compact, efficient system designed for rapid, reliable kidney stone analysis. Its advanced ATR-based FT-IR technology, robust design, and extensive spectral library enable high throughput and convenience. This innovative solution empowers medical professionals to achieve precise, efficient results, redefining kidney stone analysis in clinical settings.